UPDATE ON THE ARYAN INVSION DEBATE

 

by KOENRAAD ELST

Aditya Prakashan, New Delhi

 

Contents

Preface

 

1.Political Aspects of the Aryan Invasion Debate

1.1 Politicizing a Linguistic Theory

           1. 1. 1.  Aryavarta for the Aryans

             1. 1. 2.  Hitler’s Aryans

             1. 1. 3.  Hindu and Aryan

             1. 1. 4.  Indo-European and the Nouvelle Droite

             1. 1. 5.  The Nouvelle Droite on race and the Aryans Invasion

             1. 1. 6.  Fondness for caste

             1. 1. 7.  Aryan racism today

Footnotes

1.2 The Aryan Invasion Theory in Indian Politics

           1. 2. 1.  The AIT and the “anti-national forces”

             1. 2. 2.  Crank racism

             1. 2. 3.  Anti-Brahminism and anti-Semitism

             1. 2. 4.  Foreign support for anti-Brahminism

             1. 2. 5.  The Aryan conspiracy

             1. 2. 6.  Indian Marxism

             1. 2. 7.  Marxism against India

             1. 2. 8.  The establishment vs. the outsiders

             1. 2. 9.  Indian Marxists abroad

Footnotes

1.3 Politicization as an Obstacle to Research

           1. 3. 1.  Taboo on Indo-European studies

           1. 3. 2.  Paradigm inertia

             1. 3. 3.  Political excuse for non-argumentation: the West

             1. 3. 4.  Political excuse for non-argumentation: India

Footnotes

1.4 A Case Study in AIT Polemic

           1. 4. 1.  A primer in AIT polemic

             1. 4. 2.  Ethnically pure Aryans

             1. 4. 3.  Rajaram vs. Hitler

             1. 4. 4.  The importance of being white

             1. 4. 5.  Nehru’s testimony

             1. 4. 6.  From Harappa to Ayodhya

             1. 4. 7.  The denial of history

             1. 4. 8.  Blood and soil

             1. 4. 9.  Nazis in India

             1. 4.10. Aryans vs. Indians

Footnotes

1.5 Some Red Herrings

           1. 5. 1.  Aryans and social mobility

             1. 5. 2.  Role of the non-Aryans

             1. 5. 3.  Hitler again

             1. 5. 4.  The Muslim factor

             1. 5. 5.  Pakistani Indus, Bharatiya Saraswati

             1. 5. 6.  Aryans as servants of imperialism

Footnotes

1.6 Conclusion

Footnotes

 

2. Astronomic Data and the Aryan Question

2.1 Dating the Rg-Veda

Footnotes

2.2 Ancient Hindu Astronomy

           2. 2. 1.  Astronomical tables

             2. 2. 2.  Ancient observation, modern confirmation

             2. 2. 3.  The start of Kali-Yuga

Footnotes

2.3 The Precession of the Equinox

           2. 3. 1.  The slowest hand on the clock

             2. 3. 2.  Some difficulties

             2. 3. 3.  Regulus at summer solstice

             2. 3. 4.  One Veda can hide another

Footnotes

2.4 Additional Astronomical Indications

           2. 4. 1.  The Saptarshi cycle

             2. 4. 2.  A remarkable eclipse

             2. 4. 3.  Cosmic data in Vedic ritual

             2. 4. 4.  The Zodiac

             2. 4. 5.  India as the metropolis

Footnotes

2.5 Conclusion

 

3. Linguistic Aspects of the Indo-European Urheimat Question

3.1 Introduction

           3. 1. 1.  Evidence sweeping everything before it

             3. 1. 2.  Down with the Linguistic evidence

Footnotes

 

3.2 Origin of the Linguistic Argument

           3. 2. 1.  Linguistic and geographical distance from the origins

             3. 2. 2.  Kentum/Satem

             3. 2. 3.  Sanskrit and PIE vowels

             3. 2. 4.  Indo-Hittite

Footnotes

3.3 Direct Geographical Clues

           3. 3. 1.  Geographical asymmetry in expansion

             3. 3. 2.  Geographical distribution

             3. 3. 3.  Linguistic paleontology’s failure

             3. 3. 4.  Positive evidence from linguistic paleontology

Footnotes

3.4 Exchanges with other Languages Families

           3. 4. 1.  Souvenirs of language contacts

             3. 4. 2.  Sumerian

             3. 4. 3.  Uralic

             3. 4. 4.  “Nostratic”

             3. 4. 5.  Semitic

             3. 4. 6.  Dravidian substratum elements

             3. 4. 7.  Sino-Tibetan

             3. 4. 8.  Austronesian

Footnotes

3.5 Conclusion

 

4. Miscellaneous Aspects of the Aryan Invasion Debate

4.1 Demographical common sense

           4. 1. 1.  A beehive

             4. 1. 2.  Civilization and demography

Footnotes

4.2 Textual Evidence

           4. 2. 1.  Ayu and Amavasu

             4. 2. 2.  Iranians in the Rg-Veda

             4. 2. 3.  The south was on their right-hand side

             4. 2. 4.  Geographical implications of Vedic chronology

Footnotes

4.3 Where did the Kurgan People come from?

           4. 3. 1.  Kurgan immigrants

             4. 3. 2.  Eastern origins

Footnotes

4.4 The Horse Evidence

           4. 4. 1.  The horse and IE expansion

             4. 4. 2.  The absence of horse remains

             4. 4. 3.  The presence of horse remains

Footnotes

4.5 Vedic Aryans in West Asia

           4. 5. 1.  The Kassite and Mitannic peoples

             4. 5. 2.  The Sumerian connection

Footnotes

4.6 Memory of the Urheimat

           4. 6. 1.  Poetry vs. history

             4. 6. 2.  Value of the Puranas

             4. 6. 3.  Dynastic history in the Puranas

             4. 6. 4.  Emigrations in the Puranas

             4. 6. 5.  Migration history of other IE tribes

             4. 6. 6.  Iranian Urheimat memory

             4. 6. 7.  Rama in the Avesta?

Footnotes

4.7 Indra and Shiva

           4. 7. 1.  Indra stands accused

             4. 7. 2.  Continuity between Indra and Shiva

Footnotes

4.8 Invasionist terms in the Vedas

           4. 8. 1.  Dasa

             4. 8. 2.  Asura

             4. 8. 3.  Speech defects

             4. 8. 4.  Black

Footnotes

4.9 The Evidence from physical anthropology

           4. 9. 1.  Continuity between castes

             4. 9. 2.  Family traits

             4. 9. 3.  Mixing of castes

             4. 9. 4.  Tribals and “Caucasians”

             4. 9. 5.  Language and genetics

             4. 9. 6.  The original “Aryan race”

             4. 9. 7.  The race of the Vedic Aryans

             4. 9. 8.  Evidence of immigration?

             4. 9. 9.  Conclusion

Footnotes

 

5. Some New Arguments

5.1 A Remarkable book

Footnotes

5.2 Evidence provided by physical anthropology

           5. 2. 1.  A touchy subject

             5. 2. 2.  A challenge to monogenism?

             5. 2. 3.  The Veddoid aboriginals

             5. 2. 4.  Waves of immigrants

Footnotes

5.3 The Archaeological Evidence

           5. 3. 1.  Tracing the Aryan migrants

             5. 3. 2.  The Bactrian culture

             5. 3. 3.  Bactria vs. Harappa

             5. 3. 4.  The Bactrian tripura

             5. 3. 5.  Were the Bactrians Indo-Aryans?

             5. 3. 6.  Clarions of the Aryan invaders

             5. 3. 7.  Bactrian invasion into India

             5. 3. 8.  Why Harappa suffered decline

             5. 3. 9.  Aryan settlements in India

             5. 3.10. Scriptural evidence

             5. 3.11. Comparison with archaeological reconstruction in Europe

Footnotes

5.4 Linguistic Arguments

           5. 4. 1.  East-Asian influences

             5. 4. 2.  Is Dravidian native to India?

             5. 4. 3.  Afro-Dravidian kinship

             5. 4. 4.  Additional indications for Afro-Dravidian

             5. 4. 5.  Uralic-Dravidian kinship

             5. 4. 6.  Geographical distribution of IE languages

Footnotes

5.5 The Evidence from Comparative Religion

           5. 5. 1.  Aryan contributions to indigenous culture

             5. 5. 2.  The liNga

             5. 5. 3.  Harappan and Vedic fire cult

             5. 5. 4.  More on Harappan vs. Vedic

             5. 5. 5.  The impact of East-Asian mythology

             5. 5. 6.  Some caveats to comparatists

             5. 5. 7.  Harappa, teacher of China?

             5. 5. 8.  The Harappan contribution

Footnotes

5.6 Conclusion

 

6. Departing thoughts

6.1 Some false problems

           6. 1. 1.  Glottochronology

             6. 1. 2.  Zarathushtra’s chronology

             6. 1. 3.  The West-Asian term “Asura”

             6. 1. 4.  Greater India

             6. 1. 5.  Simple and avoidable mistakes

Footnotes

6.2 Things to do

           6. 2. 1.  The archaeological job

             6. 2. 2.  Literary testimony to Harappan decline

             6. 2. 3.  Let us keep on doubting

Footnotes

6.3 The Non-invasionist Model